<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><rss xmlns:atom='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0' version='2.0'><channel><atom:id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29851145</atom:id><lastBuildDate>Thu, 05 Aug 2010 07:50:58 +0000</lastBuildDate><title>Linux Articles</title><description>Linux Related Articles</description><link>http://www.bauani.org/articles/</link><managingEditor>noreply@blogger.com (Bauani)</managingEditor><generator>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>49</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29851145.post-6073887040117885288</guid><pubDate>Thu, 05 Aug 2010 07:50:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2010-08-05T13:50:58.681+06:00</atom:updated><title>This blog has moved</title><atom:summary type='text'>       This blog is now located at http://linux-articles.bauani.org/.       You will be automatically redirected in 30 seconds, or you may click here.       For feed subscribers, please update your feed subscriptions to       http://linux-articles.bauani.org/feeds/posts/default.  </atom:summary><link>http://www.bauani.org/articles/2010/08/this-blog-has-moved_05.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bauani)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29851145.post-9070967591449721413</guid><pubDate>Thu, 05 Aug 2010 07:48:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2010-08-05T13:48:41.151+06:00</atom:updated><title>This blog has moved</title><atom:summary type='text'>       This blog is now located at http://linux-articles.bauani.org/.       You will be automatically redirected in 30 seconds, or you may click here.       For feed subscribers, please update your feed subscriptions to       http://linux-articles.bauani.org/feeds/posts/default.  </atom:summary><link>http://www.bauani.org/articles/2010/08/this-blog-has-moved.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bauani)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29851145.post-4465740247349081703</guid><pubDate>Mon, 20 Oct 2008 15:58:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2008-10-20T21:59:45.039+06:00</atom:updated><category domain='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#'>IT Job</category><title>Perl Programmer Needed in Bangladesh Location</title><atom:summary type='text'>Perl Programmer Needed in Bangladesh LocationHi Guys,I know about a company who is looking for good, experienced perlprogrammers.Its name is "Cache Link" and they are at Banani Rd #11.Object oriented perl with experience in socket, I/O, threading using perl isneeded.People with good C/C++ knowledge in socket, thread programming experienceare also encouraged to apply.They will pay good </atom:summary><link>http://www.bauani.org/articles/2008/10/perl-programmer-needed-in-bangladesh.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bauani)</author><thr:total>5</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29851145.post-8460560711614723261</guid><pubDate>Mon, 20 Oct 2008 15:33:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2008-10-20T21:40:06.721+06:00</atom:updated><category domain='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#'>Fedora</category><category domain='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#'>DNS Protocol</category><title>DNS Configuration on CentOS RHEL Fedora</title><atom:summary type='text'>--- In bdlug@yahoogroups.com, Arif Uddin &lt;arifrhb@...&gt; wrote:Hi exparts, At my home i just trying to configure. 1. I canged named.conf file2. make forward and reversed file and configure it.now i just check that my dns is well but responsed that server not find. I do all the process flowing http://www.linuxhomenetworking.com/ can any body send me the best process to configure a dns server.thanks </atom:summary><link>http://www.bauani.org/articles/2008/10/dns-configuration-on-centos-rhel-fedora.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bauani)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29851145.post-3669816982898642486</guid><pubDate>Sun, 12 Oct 2008 05:00:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2008-10-12T11:04:48.821+06:00</atom:updated><category domain='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#'>DNS Protocol</category><title>Trableshooting Bind DNS Server on Redhat, Centos or Fedora</title><atom:summary type='text'>Trableshooting Bind DNS Server on Redhat, Centos or FedoraHi Mr. ArifThe link you provided is very reach on different service configurationon a Linux Box. But the way you asked to help has not enoughinformation to help you.To give you a complete solution for your DNS problem, anyone mightneed to see the configuration files of your Linux box listed bellow:/etc/named.conf/etc/sysconfig/namedAll </atom:summary><link>http://www.bauani.org/articles/2008/10/trableshooting-bind-dns-server-on.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bauani)</author><thr:total>2</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29851145.post-39900831156904311</guid><pubDate>Mon, 06 Oct 2008 20:24:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2008-10-07T04:15:18.407+06:00</atom:updated><category domain='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#'>HTTP Protocol</category><title>Basic HTTP Protocol: How Webserver And Web client  Talk Each Other</title><atom:summary type='text'>Basic HTTP Protocol: How Webserver And Web client  (Browser )Talk Each OtherWebserver is A "server" which is specifically used for displaying web pages or web sites. Webserver store pages on it's directory and serve when requested by any web client (Browser) via HTTP Protocol. Every webserver has their unique IP address(Internet Protocol Address) which help the Browser to locate your webserver in</atom:summary><link>http://www.bauani.org/articles/2008/10/basic-http-protocol-how-webserver-and.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bauani)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29851145.post-2485499230870506132</guid><pubDate>Mon, 06 Oct 2008 19:36:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2008-10-18T15:15:20.891+06:00</atom:updated><category domain='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#'>HTTP Protocol</category><title>Apache Web Server Performance Tuning and Quick Security Tips</title><atom:summary type='text'>Apache Web Server Performance Tuning and Quick Security TipsIn WWW web publication, most of Apache Server Administrator's thinking are pointed to one issue, "How can I Improve the Performance of Apache Web Server, not Sacrificing the Security of Web Application" In September 2008, Web Server Survey shows that out of 181,277,835 active web sites (181 Million), Apache Web Server is being used as </atom:summary><link>http://www.bauani.org/articles/2008/10/apache-web-server-performance-tuning.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bauani)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29851145.post-9008037788658794850</guid><pubDate>Sat, 04 Oct 2008 08:05:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2008-10-07T04:17:54.927+06:00</atom:updated><category domain='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#'>Fedora</category><title>Configuring HUAWEI ETS2058 fixed wireless terminal of National Phone  in fedora9</title><atom:summary type='text'>Configuring HUAWEI ETS2058 fixed wireless terminal of National Phone  in fedora9Hi everyone ,EID MUBARAKI 'm get connected with NP internet.I can access it via Windows Proxy,but not direct in fedora9.Anyone configured it already ? or have knowledge.. ?Please let me know....rousseau</atom:summary><link>http://www.bauani.org/articles/2008/10/configuring-huawei-ets2058-fixed.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bauani)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29851145.post-4403333430449783931</guid><pubDate>Wed, 24 Sep 2008 16:26:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2008-10-07T04:18:41.651+06:00</atom:updated><category domain='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#'>Linux Filesystem</category><title>How to Create VMFS3 partition in SATA Hard Disk</title><atom:summary type='text'>How to Create VMFS3 partition in SATA Hard DiskHi All, I have installed VMware ESX Server in a Clone machine. During installation i partition the SATA HDD as follows: http://www.takeabyte.com.au/2008/07/partitioning-vmware-esx-server-35-during-installation/Now i am not getting persistent data storage for Virtual Machine. Attach file contains the Partition table. Can any one please help in getting</atom:summary><link>http://www.bauani.org/articles/2008/09/how-to-create-vmfs3-partition-in-sata.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bauani)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29851145.post-7474997057340572488</guid><pubDate>Tue, 19 Aug 2008 12:04:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2008-08-19T18:04:03.159+06:00</atom:updated><title>DNS vulnerability Found on Current Version of Bind</title><atom:summary type='text'>DNS vulnerability Found on Current Version of BindBy Joe Barr on July 08, 2008 (8:05:22 PM)Whether you're running Linux, Windows, Cisco, Sun, or other DNS servers, you are at risk from a newly discovered vulnerability. So says Dan Kaminsky, head of penetration testing research at IO Active, who accidentally discovered the DNS "design flaw" earlier this year.You can check whether the DNS servers </atom:summary><link>http://www.bauani.org/articles/2008/08/dns-vulnerability-found-on-current.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bauani)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29851145.post-9175726886536407166</guid><pubDate>Tue, 05 Aug 2008 11:02:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2008-08-05T17:02:03.802+06:00</atom:updated><title>SmartRelay DS Sendmail Relayhost Postfix smtproutes Qmail</title><atom:summary type='text'>Smart Relay Config relayhost in PostFix Like DS in SendmailSmartRelay Configuration and Relayhost in PostFix Like DS in Sendmail or Smtprouter in Qmail   Subject: 'Smartrelay Configuration' by 'relayhost on 'Postfix, DS on Sendmail and smtprouter in Qmail.Problem: In Sendmail MTA, there is a configuration option, which called "Smart Relay" or “DS” on ‘sendmail.cf’ configuration file. Using this "</atom:summary><link>http://www.bauani.org/articles/2008/08/smartrelay-ds-sendmail-relayhost.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bauani)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29851145.post-2533411523157348543</guid><pubDate>Sat, 26 Jul 2008 21:14:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2008-07-27T03:14:39.085+06:00</atom:updated><title>Bangladesh Earthquake which Hits many parts of Country on 27 July 2008</title><atom:summary type='text'>Bangladesh Earthquake which Hits many parts of Country on 27 July 2008 at 00:56:09 Hour BDT, make panic amount the resident of high rise buldingEarthquake of approximate 4.5* (Actually 5.6)** on the Richter scale, struck Bangladesh on Sunday 27 July 2008 at approximate 00:56:09 Hour BDT (+6 GMT). But no damage or casualty was immediately reported. More on Bangladesh Earthquake or Dhaka Earthquake </atom:summary><link>http://www.bauani.org/articles/2008/07/bangladesh-earthquake-which-hits-many.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bauani)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29851145.post-8928426231945200909</guid><pubDate>Thu, 24 Jul 2008 06:34:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2008-07-24T13:02:00.523+06:00</atom:updated><title>Bangladesh News Site Bangla-News.net is Experiencing DDoS Attack At this Moment</title><atom:summary type='text'>Bangladesh News Site Bangla-News.net is Experiencing DDoS Attack At this MomentAre you confused or surprised to see this page when you were looking for the news site http://www.bangla-news.net/ ? I am sure you are. Actually the Bangla News site http://www.bangla-news.net/ is currently experiencing DDoS Attack. To prevent this attack, all HTTP request to bangle-news.net is now redirected to this </atom:summary><link>http://www.bauani.org/articles/2008/07/bangladesh-news-site-bangla-newsnet-is.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bauani)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29851145.post-3627987457954520072</guid><pubDate>Tue, 22 Jul 2008 04:32:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2008-07-22T10:32:05.106+06:00</atom:updated><title>Information: iPhone 2.0 Can Read Bangla - Sucess from Bangladeshi</title><atom:summary type='text'>Information: iPhone 2.0 Can Read Bangla - Sucess from Bangladeshi</atom:summary><link>http://www.bauani.org/articles/2008/07/information-iphone-20-can-read-bangla.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bauani)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29851145.post-6469708442809042833</guid><pubDate>Tue, 18 Mar 2008 10:58:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2008-03-18T17:02:34.097+06:00</atom:updated><title>One and Only CentOS Mirror in Dhaka Bangladesh</title><atom:summary type='text'>Dear AllI am happy to Announce our First, One and Only Mirror of CentOS in Dhaka, Bangladesh - A little country of south Asia.Details of our CentOS Mirror:Organization: Bangladesh Network Information Center http://www.bdnic.net/Contact: centos-org at bauani.orgProtocols: HTTPCentos Versions: ALLArch: ALL official of CentOSHTTP URL: http://www.bdnic.net/mirrors/centos/Syncing: 2 to 3 Times a </atom:summary><link>http://www.bauani.org/articles/2008/03/one-and-only-centos-mirror-in-dhaka.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bauani)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29851145.post-2180425731617541932</guid><pubDate>Thu, 10 Jan 2008 07:05:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2008-11-12T22:46:04.012+06:00</atom:updated><category domain='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#'>bogon</category><title>Current Updated Bogon List</title><atom:summary type='text'>As on January 10, 2008 Bogon List contain following IP range:0.0.0.0/81.0.0.0/82.0.0.0/85.0.0.0/823.0.0.0/827.0.0.0/831.0.0.0/836.0.0.0/837.0.0.0/839.0.0.0/842.0.0.0/846.0.0.0/849.0.0.0/850.0.0.0/8100.0.0.0/8101.0.0.0/8102.0.0.0/8103.0.0.0/8104.0.0.0/8105.0.0.0/8106.0.0.0/8107.0.0.0/8108.0.0.0/8109.0.0.0/8127.0.0.0/8169.254.0.0/16173.0.0.0/8174.0.0.0/8175.0.0.0/8176.0.0.0/8177.0.0.0/8178.0.0.0/</atom:summary><link>http://www.bauani.org/articles/2008/01/current-updated-bogon-list.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bauani)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29851145.post-5955381212876669033</guid><pubDate>Thu, 10 Jan 2008 06:33:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2008-01-10T13:26:02.593+06:00</atom:updated><title>Bogon Filter</title><atom:summary type='text'>Many ISPs and end user firewalls filter and block bogons, because they have no legitimate use, and are therefore the result of accidental or malicious misconfiguration at the sender. Bogons can be filtered by using router ACLs, DNS blackholing even by BGP blackholing.When an Administrator wants to use BOGON in their firewall or blackhole design, he MUST know what is BOGON, how it works and the </atom:summary><link>http://www.bauani.org/articles/2008/01/bogon-filter.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bauani)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29851145.post-1576250355898452627</guid><pubDate>Thu, 10 Jan 2008 06:09:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2008-01-10T12:52:19.202+06:00</atom:updated><title>BOGON</title><atom:summary type='text'>"Bogon" is an informal name for an IP packet on the public Internet that claims to be from an area of the IP address space reserved, but not yet allocated or delegated to any organization by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) or a delegated Regional Internet Registry (RIR). The areas of unallocated address space are called "bogon space". Simply, IP address which is currently not </atom:summary><link>http://www.bauani.org/articles/2008/01/bogon.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bauani)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29851145.post-3327583528495361360</guid><pubDate>Fri, 09 Nov 2007 06:58:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2007-11-09T13:02:28.631+06:00</atom:updated><title>Gobuntu: A Truly Free Linux Distro or a Free Drivers Experiment?</title><atom:summary type='text'>Gobuntu: A Truly Free Linux Distro or a Free Drivers Experiment?November 8, 2007By Roy Schestowitz"It has nothing whatsoever to do with Freedom," argues one of Gobuntu’s contributors. The contributor, Keith G. Robertson-Turner, is a longtime, passionate advocate of free software. Before joining Gobuntu, he was among the first package maintainers on the Fedora project. Yet recently he opted to </atom:summary><link>http://www.bauani.org/articles/2007/11/gobuntu-truly-free-linux-distro-or-free.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bauani)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29851145.post-2762355518453783082</guid><pubDate>Fri, 09 Nov 2007 06:53:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2007-11-09T12:57:08.963+06:00</atom:updated><title>Low Cost PC Server Device for Google Apps</title><atom:summary type='text'>An anonymous reader writes to mention that hardware hacking enthusiasts can now get their hands on the guts of the Everex TC2502 Linux PC for just $60 (USD). The compact x86-compatible "gOS Dev Board" offers a lightweight Linux-based OS designed for use with Google Apps." Along with a Firefox browser supporting the Google toolbar, gOS includes local productivity applications, such as </atom:summary><link>http://www.bauani.org/articles/2007/11/low-cost-pc-server-device-for-google.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bauani)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29851145.post-5063888457277237427</guid><pubDate>Fri, 09 Nov 2007 06:21:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2007-11-09T12:25:58.522+06:00</atom:updated><title>Red Hat expands Linux server partners with Amazon</title><atom:summary type='text'>5.1 upgrade supports broader virtualization, software appliances and computing in the cloudBy Robert Mullins, Network World, 11/07/07Red Hat is updating its Linux-based server operating system and offering a number of other related improvements aimed at helping the company assume a leadership role in enterprise computing. The enhancements include support for software appliances, improved </atom:summary><link>http://www.bauani.org/articles/2007/11/red-hat-expands-linux-server-partners.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bauani)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29851145.post-3976612874932368780</guid><pubDate>Fri, 09 Nov 2007 06:17:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2007-11-09T12:20:14.842+06:00</atom:updated><title>Gentoo Linux Security  User assisted execution of arbitrary code GLSA 200711-12</title><atom:summary type='text'>Gentoo Linux Security Advisory - Tomboy: User-assisted execution of arbitrary code (GLSA 200711-12)-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE-----Hash: SHA1- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Gentoo Linux Security Advisory                           GLSA 200711-12- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -</atom:summary><link>http://www.bauani.org/articles/2007/11/gentoo-linux-security-user-assisted.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bauani)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29851145.post-6565088459122801942</guid><pubDate>Fri, 09 Nov 2007 05:28:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2007-11-09T11:32:37.314+06:00</atom:updated><title>Skype releases 2.0 for Linux with video calling and some bugfixes</title><atom:summary type='text'>The big takeaway from this Beta rev is video calling, as well as lots of related options.Actually, the release version is 2.0.0.13, which can be downloaded from http://www.Skype.com/downloadHere’s Skype’s take on what ’s new:    * feature: Video.    * feature: Option to automatically answer incoming calls (under Options -&gt; Privacy).    * feature: Use user’s desktop locale if a locale hasn’t been </atom:summary><link>http://www.bauani.org/articles/2007/11/skype-releases-20-for-linux-with-video.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bauani)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29851145.post-115249780817948706</guid><pubDate>Mon, 10 Jul 2006 02:11:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2006-07-10T08:16:48.183+06:00</atom:updated><title>Linux Terminal Servers for Any Business</title><atom:summary type='text'>By Mark Rais on Tue, 2006-06-27 01:00.  HOWTOsHow businesses can tap the power of thin clients with Linux Terminal Server (LTS).A Linux Terminal Server offers any business an elegant and cost-effective way to integrate the power of open source. In this article, I review some basics of network topology and offer suggestions about how to install a prototype server. I top it off with some tips for </atom:summary><link>http://www.bauani.org/articles/2006/07/linux-terminal-servers-for-any.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bauani)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29851145.post-115249717660830175</guid><pubDate>Mon, 10 Jul 2006 02:00:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2006-07-10T08:06:16.623+06:00</atom:updated><title>Staking the Vampire: SCO's case comes to an end?</title><atom:summary type='text'>Jul. 04, 2006Since day one of The SCO Group's lawsuit against IBM on the grounds that the corporate giant had stolen its Unix intellectual property for the betterment of Linux, SCO's opponents have shouted that there was nothing to the company's accusations.Now, more than three years since the fight began, lawyers think that the court's recent decision to dismiss many of SCO's claims has shown </atom:summary><link>http://www.bauani.org/articles/2006/07/staking-vampire-scos-case-comes-to-end.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bauani)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item></channel></rss>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        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